http://wiki.suffrage-universel.be/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=BerufsverbotBerufsverbot - Historique des versions2026-05-05T09:45:24ZHistorique des révisions pour cette page sur le wikiMediaWiki 1.35.1http://wiki.suffrage-universel.be/index.php?title=Berufsverbot&diff=1274&oldid=prevAdmin : Page créée avec « [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesetz_zur_Wiederherstellung_des_Berufsbeamtentums Gesetz zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums] (en: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_fo... »2010-06-29T21:51:11Z<p>Page créée avec « [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesetz_zur_Wiederherstellung_des_Berufsbeamtentums Gesetz zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums] (en: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_fo... »</p>
<p><b>Nouvelle page</b></p><div>[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesetz_zur_Wiederherstellung_des_Berufsbeamtentums Gesetz zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums] (en: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_for_the_Restoration_of_the_Professional_Civil_Service The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service])<br />
<!-- '''The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service''' (in [[German language|German]]: ''' ''Gesetz zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums'' ''' or short: ''Berufsbeamtengesetz''), also known as '''Civil Service Law''', '''Civil Service Restoration Act''', and '''Law to Re-establish the Civil Service''', was a law passed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|National Socialist]] regime on April 7, 1933, two months after [[Adolf Hitler]] attained power.<br />
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This law re-established a "national" civil service and allowed [[tenure]]d civil servants to be dismissed. Further, civil servants who were not of "[[Aryan]] descent"<ref>The term "non-Aryan" was a common [[circumlocution]] and [[euphemism]] for "[[Jew]]" during the first two years of the [[Third Reich]]. While the term "non-Aryan" on its face could be interpreted, by the unwary, as extending to persons other than Jews, the [[regulations]] implementing the term (and the officials enforcing the regulations) focused on the Jewishness of a person's [[ancestors]], and not on their "Aryan-ness" or "non-Aryan-ness" (which was largely a meaningless concept in any case). ''See'' discussion in [[Mischling Test]] article on the supplementary regulations for the law, which implemented the "one Jewish grandparent" (i.e. so-called "quarter-Jew") rule. Of course, these early Third Reich regulations were superseded by the [[Nuremberg Laws]] and their own supplementary decrees and implementing regulations, which set up considerably more intricate tests for determining who was, and was not, "Jewish."</ref> to as well as opponents of the Nazi regime ("Civil servants whose previous political activities afford no assurance that they will at all times give their fullest support to the national State") were forced to retire from the civil service. This meant that Jews and political opponents could not serve as [[teacher]]s, [[professor]]s, [[judge]]s, or other government positions. Shortly after, a similar law was passed concerning [[lawyer]]s, [[Physician|doctor]]s, [[tax consultant]]s, and [[Notary public|notaries]].<br />
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As the law was first drafted by the Interior Minister [[Wilhelm Frick]], all those of "non-Aryan descent" were to be fired immediately at the ''Reich'', ''Länder'' and municipal levels of government. However, the [[President of Germany (Weimar Republic)|President of Germany]], [[Paul von Hindenburg]] objected to the bill until it had amended to exclude three classes of civil servants from the ban:<br />
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*[[World War I]] [[veterans]] who had served at the [[Front lines|front]]<br />
*those who had been in the civil service continuously since 1 August 1914 (''i.e.'' since the start of the War)<br />
*those who lost a father or son in combat in the Great War<ref>''See'' [http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_holocaust/documents/part1/doc10.html Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service] for the exceptions.</ref><br />
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Hitler agreed to these amendments and the bill was signed into law on April 7, 1933.<ref>Under the [[Enabling Act of 1933]], neither the consent of the [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] nor the signature of the President of the [[Weimar Republic|Republic]] was any longer required for the promulgation of [[law]]. The amelioration of Hindenburg was thus a matter of political expediency, not of legal necessity.</ref> In practice, the amendments excluded most Jewish civil servants{{Citation needed|April 2009|date=April 2009}} and not until after Hindenburg’s death in [[1934]], were the amendments disallowed. Nonetheless, the passage of the “Law for a Restoration of a Professional Civil Service” in [[1933]] was a crucial turning point in the history of German Jewry for this law marked the first time since the last of the German Jews had been [[Political emancipation|emancipated]] in [[1871]] that an [[anti-Semitism|anti-Semitic]] law had been passed in Germany. <br />
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==Related Ordinances==<br />
*11 April 1933 &ndash; First Ordinance on the Implementation of the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service<ref> Hentschel, 1996, 25-26. Document #8.</ref><br />
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*25 April 1933 &ndash; Law against the Overcrowding of German Schools and Universities<ref> Hentschel, 1996, 34-36. Document #12.</ref><br />
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*6 May 1933 &ndash; Third Ordinance on the Implementation of the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service<ref> Hentschel, 1996, 46-49. Document #17.</ref><br />
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*21 January 1935 &ndash; Law on the Retirement and Transfer of Professors as a Result of the Reorganization of the German System of Higher Education<ref> Hentschel, 1996, 96-97. Document #36.</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[Aryan certificate]] [[Ahnentafel]], [[Ahnenpass]] to proof the Aryan descent<br />
*[[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]<br />
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==References==<br />
*Ehrenreich, Eric. ''The Nazi Ancestral Proof: Genealogy, Racial Science, and the Final Solution''. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34945-3<br />
*[[Yehuda Bauer|Bauer, Yehuda]]: ''A History Of The Holocaust''. New York: F. Watts, 1982. ISBN 0-531-09862-1. <br />
*[[Saul Friedländer|Friedländer, Saul]]: ''Nazi Germany and the Jews Volume 1. The Years of Persecution, 1933-1939''. New York: HarperCollins, 1997 ISBN 0-06-019042-6. <br />
*Hentschel, Klaus, editor and Ann M. Hentschel, editorial assistant and Translator: ''Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources''. Birkhäuser: Basel, Berlin, Boston, 1996. ISBN 0-8176-5312-0.<br />
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==External links==<br />
*Robertson, Struan. [http://www.rrz.uni-hamburg.de/rz3a035/jew_history4.html "The Jewish Community in Hamburg 1860-1943"]. Retrieved September 25, 2005.<br />
*[http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_holocaust/documents/part1/doc10.html Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, April 7, 1933] in English<br />
*[http://www.documentarchiv.de/ns/beamtenges.html German original of the text]<br />
*[[:de:Berufsbeamtengesetz|Berufsbeamtengesetz]] from German-language Wikipedia. Retrieved September 25, 2005.<br />
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==Notes==<br />
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