Députés juifs à la Douma impériale russe
Section publiée en novembre 2009 sur la Wikipédia anglophone
In total, there were at least twelve Jewish deputies in the First State Duma of the Russian Empire (1906-1907), falling to three or four in the Second Duma (February 1907 to June 1907), two in the Third Duma (1907-1912) and again three in the fourth, elected in 1912. Converts to Christianity like Mikhail Herzenstein and Ossip Pergament were still considered as Jews by the public (and antisemitic) opinion and are most of the time included in these figures.
At the 1906 elections, the Jewish Labour Bund had made an electoral agreement with the Lithuanian Labourers' Party (Trudoviks), which resulted in the election to the Duma of two (non-Bundist) candidates in the Lithuanian provinces: Dr. Shmaryahu Levin for the Vilnius province and Leon Bramson for the Kaunas province. [1]
Among the other Jewish deputies were Maxim Vinaver, chairman of the League for the Attainment of Equal Rights for the Jewish People in Russia (Folksgrupe) and cofounder of the Constitutional Democratic Party (Kadets), Dr. Nissan Katzenelson (Courland province, Zionist, Kadet), Dr. Moisei Yakovlevich Ostrogorsky (Grodno province), attorney Simon Yakovlevich Rosenbaum (Minsk province, Zionist, Kadet), Mikhail Isaakovich Sheftel (Ekaterinoslav province, Kadet), Dr. Grigory Bruk, Dr. Benyamin Yakubson, Zakhar Frenkel, Solomon Frenkel, Meilakh Chervonenkis.[2] There was also a Crimean Karaim deputy, Salomon Krym.[3]
Three of the Jewish deputies, Bramson, Chervonenkis and Yakubson, joined the Labour faction, nine other joined the Kadet fraction.[2] According to Rufus Learsi, five of them were Zionists, including Dr. Shmaryahu Levin, Dr. Victor Jacobson and Simon Yakovlevich Rosenbaum.[4]
Two of them, Grigori Borisovich Iollos (Poltava province) and Mikhail Herzenstein (b. 1859, d. 1906 in Terijoki), both from the Constitutional Democratic Party, were assassinated by the Black Hundreds antisemite terrorist group.[5]
The Second Duma included seven Jewish deputies: Shakho Abramson, Iosif Gessen, Vladimir Matveevich Gessen, Lazar Rabinovich, Yakov Shapiro (all of them Kadets) and Victor Mandelberg (Siberia Social Democrat)[6], plus a convert to Christianity, the attorney Ossip Pergament (Odessa).[7]
The two Jewish members of the Third Duma were the Judge Leopold Nikolayevich (or Lazar) Nisselovich (Courland province, Kadet) and Naftali Markovich Friedman (Kaunas province, Kadet). Ossip Pergament was reelected and died before the end of his mandate.[8]
Friedman was the only one reelected to the Fourth Duma in 1912, joined by two new deputies, Meer Bomash, and Dr. Ezekiel Gurevich.[6]
Notes et sources
- ↑ Dov Levin, The Litvaks: a short history of the Jews in Lithuania, Berghahn, 2000, ISBN 9781571812643
- ↑ 2,0 et 2,1 Jacob G.Frumkin, Gregor Aronson, Alekseĭ Aleksandrovich Golʹdenveĭzer, Russian Jewry: 1860-1917, T. Yoseloff, New York City, 1966
- ↑ Alan W. Fisher, The Crimean Tatars, Hoover Press, 1978 ISBN 9780817966621
- ↑ Rufus Learsi, Fulfillment - The Epic Story of Zionism: The Authoritative History of the Zionist Movement from the Earliest Days to the Present Time, Read Books, 2007 ISBN 9781406707298
- ↑ "The Russkoe Znamya declares openly that "Real Russians" assassinated Herzenstein and Iollos with knowledge of officials, and expresses regret that only two Jews perished in crusade against revolutionaries." cf. American Jewish Yearbook, 1910-1911
- ↑ 6,0 et 6,1 Yehuda Slutsky, "Duma", Encyclopaedia Judaica
- ↑ Joseph B.Schechtman, The Life and Times of Vladimir Jabotinsky: Rebel and statesman, SP Books, 1986 ISBN 9780935437188
- ↑ "Ossip. Y. Pergament dead. Leader of Jews and Duma Member, He Was Under Indictment", New York Times, May 30, 1909